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Higher birth weight decreases TB risk ANN ARBOR, Mich. (UPI) -- Each pound at birth lowers the risk of developing tuberculosis, U.S. and Swedish researchers say. Researchers from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and Karolinska Institute in Stockholm found the risk of later developing TB decreased by 87 percent for males with each 1.1 pound or 500 grams of birth weight. The study, to be published in the February issue of the Journal of Infectious Disease, found the association between birth weight and developing TB was stronger for males than females. Girls were about 16 percent less likely to develop tuberculosis for every 1.1 pounds of birth weight. "Prenatal exposure to environmental insults, including maternal malnutrition, could program what happens later on in terms of our immune responses to infection, possibly through programming of the immune system," study author Eduardo Villamor of the University of Michigan said in a statement. "This study is an example of that." The findings are important, said Villamor, because TB infects about one-third of the planet's population, and is second only to human immunodeficiency virus in deaths caused by a single infection. Low birth weight of babies is a larger problem in developing countries, but it occurs everywhere, he said. Copyright 2010 by United Press International
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Stem cells linked to an aggressive cancer LONDON (UPI) -- The most common type of children's brain cancer can arise from stem cells, researchers in Britain say. Researchers at Queen Mary, University of London, say their findings, published in Oncogene, could be a crucial first step in finding new ways to tackle a very aggressive form of cancer found within the tumor type known as medulloblastomas. "This type of brain tumor can pose a great challenge to doctors. In some children, treatment works well but in others the cancer is aggressive and far harder to treat," study leader Silvia Marino said in a statement. "As scientists we've been trying to understand how these cancers which look the same can behave so differently." Marino and colleagues studied equivalent cells taken from mouse brains and found cells with certain genes -- called Rb and p5 -- turned into medulloblastomas. They then looked more closely at the genetic makeup of these tumors and found a particular pattern which they compared with tumors taken from patients with medulloblastomas and found patients whose tumors also had this genetic pattern were those with the worst survival chances. Copyright 2010 by United Press International
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Calcium levels key in kidney disease SALEM, Va. (UPI) -- U.S. researchers have linked abnormally high or low blood-calcium levels to higher risk of premature death. Dr. Csaba Kovesdy of Salem Veterans Administration Medical Center and colleagues examined the death rates associated with various blood-calcium levels in 1,243 male U.S. veterans with moderate-to-advanced chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis therapy. The researchers found patients with abnormally high calcium levels had a 31 percent increased risk of dying during the study versus patients with normal levels. Low calcium levels were also linked to higher death rates -- but after much shorter periods of exposure. These patients had a 21 percent increased risk of dying. The study, published in Clinical Journal of the American Society Nephrology, suggests a need for studies to determine the target range for blood calcium and how such a target should be achieved. Kovesdy, the lead author, points out high calcium levels may be involved in longer-term processes such as the calcification of blood vessels or soft tissues, while low calcium levels may cause short-term deleterious effects such as heart rhythm abnormalities. Copyright 2010 by United Press International
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Big hips, thighs better for health OXFORD, England (UPI) -- Carrying extra weight on the hips, butt and thighs -- those called "pear-shaped" -- is better for health than having a big waist, British researchers say. Lead researcher Dr. Konstantinos Manolopoulos of Oxford University says slower burning hip fat makes more of the hormone adiponectin that protects the arteries and promotes better blood sugar control and fat burning, the BBC reported. However, carrying excess fat around the stomach, being "apple shaped," raises the risk of diabetes and heart disease. "It is shape that matters and where the fat gathers," Manolopoulos said. "Fat around the hips and thighs is good for you but around the tummy is bad." Fat around the thighs and backside is beneficial because when fat is broken down quickly it releases a lot of cytokines which trigger inflammation in the body, researchers say. The found hip fat mops up harmful fatty acids and contains an anti-inflammatory agent that stops arteries from clogging. The finding is published in the International Journal of Obesity. Copyright 2010 by United Press International
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